Computers are electronic devices that process data to produce meaningful information. At their core, they consist of hardware (physical components like the processor, memory, and storage) and software (programs and operating systems that manage hardware and execute tasks). Understanding the basic structure and functionality of computers is crucial in the realm of cyber security, as threats often exploit vulnerabilities in these components.
In the context of cyber security, the key elements of a computer system—hardware, software, and networks—are potential targets for malicious activities. Hardware vulnerabilities, such as unprotected USB ports, can be exploited to introduce malware. Software vulnerabilities, including outdated operating systems or poorly coded applications, can create entry points for cyberattacks. Networks, which connect computers to one another and the internet, are a common avenue for cyber threats like phishing, ransomware, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
For instance, a compromised operating system could allow unauthorized access to sensitive files, while a hardware-level attack might disrupt the entire functionality of a system. Hence, understanding the fundamentals of computers, including how they process and store data, communicate over networks, and interact with users, forms the foundation for implementing effective cyber security measures.
This foundational knowledge empowers individuals and organizations to identify potential risks, secure their systems, and mitigate threats before they cause significant harm.
1. How can outdated software pose a security risk to a computer system? Provide an example of a potential attack that could exploit this vulnerability.
2. Explain how hardware vulnerabilities, such as unprotected USB ports, can be exploited by attackers. Suggest preventive measures to mitigate such risks.
3. Describe the role of an operating system in maintaining the security of a computer. How can a compromised operating system impact the overall security of a system?
4. Why is it essential to understand the basics of how networks connect computers in the context of cyber security? Provide a real-life example of a network-based attack and discuss how it could have been prevented.
5. Discuss the relationship between computer hardware, software, and networks in the context of cyber security. How can vulnerabilities in one component affect the others, and what strategies can be implemented to secure all three?
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Q4 basics of networks connect computers in the context of cyber security
Identifying Vulnerabilitie
Implementing Security Measures
Implementing Security Measures
Real-Life Example: The Mirai Botnet Attack
1 Change Default Credentials
2 Regular Updates
3 Network Segmentation
4 Intrusion Detection Systems
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Q.5Cybersecurity hardware depends on security software. This computer program helps improve the overall security of data, systems, and networks. It helps protect the computer system against potential risks, hacker attacks, unauthorized access, intrusion, etc . Preventing security breaches can be expensive and annoying.
Table of Contents
What is Cyber Security?Why is Cybersecurity Important?The Scale of the Cyber Security ThreatHow Does Cyber Security Work? What is Cyber Security and Types of Cyber ThreatsView More
Cybersecurity is the protection to defend internet-connected devices and services from malicious attacks by hackers, spammers, and cybercriminals. Companies use the practice to protect against phishing schemes, ransomware attacks, identity theft, data breaches, and financial losses.
Look around today's world, and you'll see that daily life is more dependent on technology than ever before. The benefits of this trend range from near-instant access to information on the Internet to the modern conveniences provided by smart home automation technology and concepts like the Internet of Things.
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Q1
Outdated software often contains unpatched vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit to gain unauthorized access or deploy malware. For example, the Equifax breach occurred due to unpatched Apache Struts software, allowing attackers to steal sensitive data. Regular updates and patch management are essential to mitigate such risks
5) ansThis foundational knowledge empowers individuals and organizations to identify potential risks, secure their systems, and mitigate threats before they cause significant harm. computer security deals with theprotection pf your computer laptops and other devices
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Answer 5. Network weaknesses allow attacks on both hardware and software.
Use strong authentication and authorization
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Q4
Understanding network connectivity is crucial for identifying attack vectors and securing communication. For instance, the WannaCry ransomware spread via network vulnerabilities in outdated SMB protocols. Regular patching, network segmentation, and monitoring could have prevented this attack.
Q5
Hardware vulnerabilities e.g., unprotected ports, can enable malicious software to exploit network connections, leading to data breaches. Securing all three requires robust endpoint protection, regular updates, and secure configurations to minimize interdependent risks
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Recognizing Vulnerabilities:
Network configurations, protocols, and devices can have inherent weaknesses that malicious actors can exploit.
Understanding these weaknesses allows for proactive measures to mitigate risks.
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Strong security measures for software development and updates.
Regular hardware and network audits to identify and mitigate risks.
Multi-layered security, including encryption, firewalls, and monitoring tools.
Question 5 It effectively highlights the importance of network basics in cybersecurity, provides a relevant example, and lists practical prevention methods.
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Answer 4.
Gaining knowledge helps identify vulnerability and secure data flow.
Use firewalls to block unwanted traffic.
Vaishnavi Fh2242
Q5 .Relationship Between Hardware, Software, and Networks in Cybersecurity
Computer hardware, software, and networks are interconnected components, and vulner abilities in one can impact the others. For example:
Hardware vulnerabilities (e.g., Spectre and Meltdown) can be exploited by attackers to access sensitive data processed by software.
Software vulnerabilities can be used to exploit networked systems (e.g., through unpatched applications).
Network vulnerabilities can enable unauthorized access to hardware or spread malware to multiple devices.
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Q5
Hardware, software, and networks are linked in cybersecurity—issues in one can affect others. For example, malware can spread through networks and harm systems. Regular updates, firewalls, and physical security help protect all three.
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Q.4
real-life example of a network-based attack is a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. In a DDoS attack, a network of compromised devices is used to overwhelm a network with traffic, making online services inaccessible. A DDoS attack can cause financial losses, disrupt operations, and damage a network's reputation.
Here are some ways to prevent network-based attacks:
Network segmentation
Divide a network into zones based on security requirements. This can be done with subnets or Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). Segmentation limits the impact of an attack to one zone.
Software updates
Keep software up to date with the latest security patches and updates. Updates can include bug fixes and security improvements.
FH2211 -TUSHAR MOZE
Q4
Networks connect computers and are often targeted in cyber-attacks.
Example: A Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)Â attack can be prevented using TLS encryption.
Q5:
Vulnerabilities in one component can affect others (e.g., software exploited via a network or hardware weaknesses).
Secure all components with software patches, hardware encryption, and network segmentation.
4) allow staff to share infoemation effortlessly increasing productivity and efficiency
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Ans 4
Allows cyber security professionals to share threats intelligence and collaborate on identifying
Ans 5
Produce meaningful output both hardware and software are necessary and must work together
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Ans4: Understanding network basics is important for cyber security because it helps identify vulnerabilities and prevent attacks. A real-life example is the WannaCry ransomware attack, which spread through unpatched network vulnerabilities. This attack could have been prevented by keeping software up-to-date and blocking unnecessary network ports.
Ans5: Computer hardware, software, and networks are interconnected and interdependent, making them vulnerable to cyber threats. A vulnerability in one component can compromise the others. Implementing a layered security approach, including firewalls, encryption, and regular updates, can help secure all three.
FH2213Q. 5
The relationship between computer hardware, software, and networks is deeply interdependent, and their interaction forms the backbone of modern computing systems. In the context of cybersecurity, vulnerabilities in one component can cascade to affect the others, potentially leading to significant security breaches. Here's an overview:
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1. Interdependence of Hardware, Software, and Networks
Hardware: Physical components like CPUs, memory, storage devices, and networking equipment form the foundation of computing systems. Security at the hardware level ensures the proper functioning and protection of software and network operations.
Software: Applications, operating systems, and firmware are built on hardware and dictate how the system operates. Software vulnerabilities can directly exploit or expose hardware weaknesses.
Networks: Networks enable communication between devices, facilitating the exchange of data. They act as conduits for attacks, such as malware propagation or unauthorized access to hardware and software.
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All three relate to each other: computer hardware, software, and networks. The vulnerability that would compromise one can compromise all. For example, while hardware flaws can be exploited by malicious software to gain unauthorized access to a network, security of the triad demands robust hardware, secure software, and strong security measures for the network. What these require regularly are updates, strong passwords, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems.
Network segmention
Firewall and instrusion
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FH2242 vaishnavi kalokhe
Q4 Strong security measures for software development and updates.
Regular hardware and network audits to identify and mitigate risks.
Multi-layered security, including encryption, firewalls, and monitoring tools.
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Answer 4
Understanding how computers connect through networks helps protect them from online attacks.
A DDoS attack overloads a website with traffic causing it to crash.
Good security measures can prevent this from happening.
Answer 5
Hardware like computers like software programs, and networks like internet all work together. If one is weak it can affect the others.
For example, a virus in software can spread through the network to other computers. To keep everything secure, its important to update software protect hardware, and secure the network.
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role of mantang the securty of computer
Access Control
resourse management
System Update
firewall and Antivirus Integration
encryption
compromised operating system impact the overall security of a system
Unauthorized Access
Data Breache
system Instability
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Q4
Understanding how networks connect computers is essential in cybersecurity to identify and defend against potential threats. For example, in a DDoS attack, hackers flood a network with traffic, making services unavailable. This could be prevented with firewalls, traffic monitoring, and using DDoS protection tools to block suspicious activity.
FH2227
Many people rely on the Internet for many of their professional, social and personal activities. But there are also people who attempt to damage our Internet-connected computers, violate our privacy and render inoperable the Internet services.Â
Q4)
1. Networks are the backbone of communication: Networks enable communication between devices, making them a critical component of modern computing.
Real-life example: WannaCry Ransomware Attack (2017)
WannaCry was a global ransomware attack that exploited a vulnerability in the Windows SMB protocol (MS17-010). The attack spread rapidly across networks, infecting over 200,000 computers in 150 countries
Fh2215
4. maintaning and protecting sensitive data from unauthorised access and hostile attacks
Understanding network basics is thus a critical ingredient in cyber security, because it reveals vulnerabilities and potential attack vectors. For example, SQL injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in applications built with web development to access data. This could have been prevented with input validation/sanitization, which ensure that user inputs are safe and cannot be used for manipulation of the database.
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Q4
Recognizing Vulnerabilities:
Network configurations, protocols, and devices can have inherent weaknesses that malicious actors can exploit.
Understanding these weaknesses allows for proactive measures to mitigate risks.
Name kumar andhale
Roll no FH 2248
Question 4
ANS : Understanding network basics is crucial in cybersecurity to identify vulnerabilities and secure connections.
Q. 4 understand how computer connect in a network helps you know where attackers might try to break in and how to protect your data. Without this knowledge it,s harder to stop hackers and keep system safe
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Q4.Understanding how networks connect computers is crucial in cybersecurity because most cyberattacks exploit network vulnerabilities to spread malware, steal data, or disrupt services. Awareness of network fundamentals helps identify risks, secure communication channels, and implement robust defenses.
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The operating system manages security by assessing file ,user permissions, and build in firewall
And compromised os can be controlled by attackers they can steal data install malware etc
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An operating system protects a computer by controlling access, managing software, and detecting threats. A compromised OS can give attackers full control, allowing them to steal data, install malware. This can lead to system crashes. It's essential to keep the OS updated and secure.
Name kumar andhale
Roll no FH2248
Question 3
ANS;1. User Authentication: Enforcing secure login mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.
2. Access Control
3. Patch Management:
4. Firewall and Antivirus Integration
Access control
Resources isolation
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Sanskuti Shelke
Fh2240
Ans 3
Hardware Vulnerabilities and Their Risks
Unprotected USB ports are exposed as open doors to your computer. Attackers can use malicious USB devices to:
Install malware: Damaging software which may harm your system or steal your data.
Hack into your network: Unauthorized access to your network and sensitive information.
Preventive Measures
Protect the computer.
Be careful with USB devices: Use trusted USB devices only.
Keep your software updated: This plugs many security holes.
Use strong passwords: Make them difficult to guess.
Install security software: Antivirus and anti-malware programs can really help too.
Know about phishing attacks: Be careful not to click on suspicious links or attachments.
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Q3.
The operating system (OS) is a critical component in maintaining the security of a computer. It acts as a bridge between hardware and software, managing resources and enforcing policies to protect the system from unauthorized access, malware, and other cyber threats. Here are key ways an OS contributes to security:
1.access control
2.resourse management
3.firewall and network security
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Answer 3. The OS protects data.
Compromised OS allows attackers to attack the OS
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Q3)
1)The operating system (OS) manages resources and enforces security policies, such as access control and user authentication.
2)A compromised OS can allow attackers to bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access, install malware, or control system functions, undermining the entire system’s security.
quaition 3) ans protect application a compromised operating system could allow unauthorized access to sensitive files, while a hardware-level attack might disrupt the entire functionality of a system. eg ; such attack can now target even single user system such as a personal computer , tablets , or , smart phones.
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Ans 3
The operating system provides antivirus protection against malicious attacks and also built a firewall which acts aa a filter and protect and to check traffic entering into the system
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3. Operating system is to protect application against a hacker attacks it allows users to make system changes their devices,install programs,etc
The platform security level is reduced to security level it can impact overall security of a system
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Q.3.protect applications against a wide range of malicious attacks such as unauthorized access to privileged information, tempering with executable code, and spoofing.
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Q3-
The operating system manages system resources, and protects against unauthorized access. it grants attackers full control, leading to data theft, malware installation, and system vulnerabilities.
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Answer 3 -
Os (Operating system)
The operating system is like the brain of your computer It keeps everything running smooth and secured If it gets hacked its like someone taking over your brain and can do anything they want with your computer.
Q3
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operating system maintains security by managing access controls, enforcing authentication, and providing system-level protections against unauthorized access and malware. A compromised OS can undermine these protections exposing sensitive data and allowing attackers to exploit the entire system. This can lead to data breaches, loss of functionality, and propagation of malware.
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1. *Access Control*: OS manages user authentication, authorization, and access control, ensuring only authorized users can access system resources.
2. *Memory Management*: OS protects memory from unauthorized access, preventing malicious code from executing.
4. *File System Security*: OS controls access to files and directories, ensuring only authorized users can read, write, or execute files.
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Q3 Operating System controls network traffic, filtering incoming and outgoing connections to prevent unauthorized access.
q.3 If an operating system is compromised, it undermines the entire security framework of a computer, with consequences such as:
1.Privilege data
2.Enable Security Features:
FH2242 VAISHNAVI
Q3 ROLE IN SECURITY INCLUDE-
access control
resource management
data protection
system integrity
network security
malware defense
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Q. 3 The important role of operating system is that it helps keep your computer safe by checking the password to only the right people use the system. It also decide who can open file or certain programsprograms. It uses firewalls and security tools to stop hackers.
If os is hacked it can harm your entire computer because it controls everything.
To safe your system keep your os updated, use strong password, and enable firewalls to protect your system.
Name kumar andhale
Roll no FH2248
Question 3
ANS;1. User Authentication: Enforcing secure login mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.
2. Access Control
3. Patch Management:
4. Firewall and Antivirus Integration
5. System Monitoring:
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A critical function of an OS is to protect applications against a wide range of malicious attacks such as unauthorized access to privileged information, tempering with executable code, and spoofing. Such attacks can now target even single-user systems such as personal computers, tablets, or smartphones.
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Attackers can exploit unprotected USB ports by inserting malicious devices or storage drives, installing malware, or stealing sensitive data. To prevent this risk, disable unused USB ports, use USB port blockers, implement USB device control policies.
Hardware vulnerabilities like unprotected USB ports can be exploited in several
FH2238
Sanskruti Shelke
Fh2240
Ans 2
Hardware Vulnerabilities and Their Risks
Hardware vulnerabilities often remain underappreciated. A shrink in the size of the interface also increases the risk factors and hence making it very important to implement stringent configurations while in the inside. This is especially true for usb ports as they appear harmless but can serve as open doors for attacks. An attacker can easily use a malicious usb to perform the following actionsDual Fighter. One
Install malware: Software designed specifically to cause damage to the system or extract important data.
Hack and infiltrate network: Illegally access and extract information from your network.
Surveillance: Monitor what is being typed and recorded on the computer during an active session.
Steps undertaken to halt the process
When it comes to computers:
Do not fret with usb devices: Use them only with people you trust.
Do not be stingy with your software: Install regular updates as they act as patches securing any gaps.
Change your passwords: Attempt to forget them, and set these passwords as a backup.
Install security applications: There are antivirus and anti-malware software that can serve useful.
Be cautious about phishing attacks: This includes attachments or links one feels suspicious about.
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Q2
Hardware vulnerabilities, like unprotected USB ports, can be exploited by attackers to insert malicious devices or software that steal data or infect the system with malware.
To prevent this, disable unused usb ports, use endpoint security software, even we should train our employees that not to use unknown devices
Q2
FH2232
Unprotected USB ports can be exploited by attackers to install malware, steal data, or bypass security systems using rogue devices. Preventive measures include disabling unused USB ports, using port locks, enabling device whitelisting, and deploying endpoint security solutions to monitor and control USB access.
q.2
1.Use software to allow only authorized USB devices to connect.
2.Block or encrypt unauthorized USB devices automatically.
FH2204
Q 2.Keep operating systems and security software up to date to patch known vulnerabilities that could be exploited by USB attacks. Use USB security tools: Utilize USB security tools that can analyze and block malicious USB activity, such as unauthorized file transfers or device emulation.
vaishnavi kalokhe FH2242
Q2 preventative measures restrict physical access 2. disable usb ports 3. implement usb port lock 4.educate user
Fh2258
1. *USB Malware Injection*: Attackers can plug in a malicious USB device, which can automatically install malware on the connected system.
2. *Data Theft*: Unprotected USB ports can be used to steal sensitive data by plugging in a USB storage device.
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2.Regular software and firmware updates are conclusive for closing security vulnerabilities that could be used by bad usb attacks this includes not only operating system updates but also firmware updtes for usb devices
Fh2231
Answer 2.Unprotected USB ports are risky because attackers can exploit the system.
Implement device control software to allow only trusted devices.
suraj jagatap
fh2205
1 malware ntroducton
2 data theft
3 hardware based attack
to mtgate ths rsks can mplement securty
1 USB dsable ports
2 use endpont securty
3 educate employes
Name kumar andhale
Roll no FH2248
Question 2
Install malware
2 steal date
3 trigger firmware attricks
Preventive measures
1 disable unuser usb ports
2 use usb port locks
3 enable device control policies
4 educate user
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Unprotected USB ports can be exploited by attackers to introduce malicious software or gain unauthorized access to a system. These vulnerabilities arise because USB ports allow direct communication between external devices and a computer's hardware, bypassing some security measures.
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1) quaition 1 ans Hardware vulnerabilities, such as unprotected USB ports, can be exploited to introduce malware. Software vulnerabilities, including outdated operating systems or poorly coded applications, can create entry points for cyberattacks.
q.2-Attackers can use infected USB drives to install malware, such as phishing, ransomware, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
FH2211-TUSHAR MOZE
implementing physical locks on USB ports to prevent unauthorized devices from being connecte
FH2227
Hardware vulnerabilities, such as unprotected USB ports, can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a system, steal sensitive data, or disrupt operations.
Fh2210
Unprotected USB ports can be exploited by attackers using malicious USB devices to deliver malware or gain unauthorized access to a system. For example, an attacker could use a USB rubber ducky to inject malicious scripts when plugged into a computer.
Preventive measures include:
1. Disabling unused USB ports in BIOS/OS settings.
2. Using endpoint security software to monitor USB activity.
3. Implementing USB port controls with physical locks or software that restricts device access.
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Q2
USB Killer Devices:
• Hardware Damage: These devices can overload the USB port's power supply, potentially damaging the connected device.
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Ans 2
Think of USB ports like doorways. If they're unprotected, someone can plug in a bad USB stick and infect your computer with viruses. To avoid this, disable unused USB ports, use security software to check devices, and teach people not to use unknown USB sticks.
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Q. 2 usb port exploited by attackers by inserting a USB device with malware to infect system when you plug usb malware can take your personal data and record everything you type like password
FH2217
Outdated software poses a security risk because it may have unpatched vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit.
For example if an old version of a web browser has a known bug, hackers could use it to deliver malware or steal data through malicious attacks
fh2205
Dsable usb ports: Physically disable or restrict access to USB ports on critical systems.Use endpoint security solutions: Deploy software that monitors and controls the use of USB devices.
Educate employees: Train staff to recognize the dangers of connecting unknown USB devices to their computers.
FH2224
Outdated software poses a security risk because it may have unpatched vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. For example, a well-known attack is the WannaCry ransomware attack, which targeted outdated Windows systems with a vulnerability (EternalBlue) that Microsoft had already patched, but many users had not updated their software. This allowed the ransomware to spread quickly and encrypt files across unpatched systems.
Fh2240
Cybercriminals can exploit vulnerabilities in outdated software to install malware or ransomware, which can compromise data, disrupt operations, or hold systems hostage.Â
Fh2219
Lack of Security Features: Newer software versions often incorporate advanced security features like encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Outdated software may lack these features, making it easier for attackers to breach systems
Outdated software can pose a significant security risk to a computer system because it may contain known vulnerabilities that have been patched in newer versions. Here are some ways outdated software can expose a system to security risks:
Myself Anamika shinde FH2215
Old software oftens security gaps these gaps let attackers in for malware
fh2233
q1- outrated software system pose a security risk because it may contain vulnerabilities that have been identified and fixed in newer versions
example
1.steal data
2.installing malware
Lack of support
Sanskruti shelke
FH2238
FH2244
Q.2 Keep Systems and Firmware Updated
Regular software and firmware updates are crucial for closing security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by Bad USB attacks. This includes not only operating system updates but also firmware updates for USB devices themselves when available.
Fh2231
Ques 1.
Ans . When software isn't updated, it can have security holes that hackers can take advantage of. For instance, the
ransomware spread by exploiting a vulnerability in old Windows versions, causing widespread damage and locking people out of their data.
2/2
FH2211-TUSHAR MOZE
Q1Outdated software can create security risks because it may contain known vulnerabilities that are no longer being patched or supported. These weaknesses can be exploited by attackers to compromise a system, steal data, or install malicious software.
Roll no -Fh2245
Ans 1 -
When software isn't updated, it's like leaving a door unlocked. Hackers can easily find ways to get in and mess with your computer. For example, they could use a known bug to install a virus and steal your data.
Name kumar andhale
Roll no FH2248
Question 1 ANS =an outdated web browser that no longer receive sequrity updates might be valunerable remote code execution rce
1 vulnerability
2 exploitation
3 attact
4 impact
Fh2210
Outdated software poses a security risk because it may have unpatched vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. For example, a well-known attack is the WannaCry ransomware attack, which targeted outdated Windows systems with a vulnerability (EternalBlue) that Microsoft had already patched, but many users had not updated their software. This allowed the ransomware to spread quickly and encrypt files across unpatched systems.
FH2213
Q. 1 outdated software is dangerous because it may have security weakness that hacker already know about . If you don't update software then hacker can use these weakness to break into your system and damage your information.
FH2261
Outdated software poses a security risk because it may have unpatched vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit.
For example if an old version of a web browser has a known bug, hackers could use it to deliver malware or steal data through malicious attacks.